NICs are usually programmed to listen to three types of messages. Those are the messages sent to their specified address, messages broadcast to all NICs and multicast messages that can be used as for a particular card. There are three types of addressing:
1. Unicast – A transmission to a single interface card.
2. Multicast – A transmission in the network interface card.
3. Broadcast – A transmission to all interface cards in the network. RFC 919 and 922 describe IP broadcast datagrams.
* Limited Broadcast – Send to all NICs on each network segment as the source NIC. He has represented 255 255 255 255 TCP / IP address. The event was not broadcast by the router, only appeared on the network segment.
* Live streaming – for all hosts on the network. Router can be configured to forward broadcasts directed to the main network. For network 192.168.0.0, broadcast 192 168 255 255.
All other messages are filtered by the NIC software, unless the card is programmed to operate in promiscuous mode to perform network sniffing.
Radio
Types of applications over TCP / IP broadcasts that I know of is:
1. IP ARP
2. DHCP IP
3. Routing table updates. Shipping through the router with other routers routing table updates.
Ethernet broadcast address in hexadecimal is FF: FF: FF: FF: FF: FF. There are several types of IP broadcasting:
1. 255 255 255 255 limited broadcast IP address. This event is not transmitted through the router.
2. A broadcast network is a form x.255.255.255 where x is a class A network address can run this program is provided in the program the router.
3. A broadcast to all subnets. When the program is 10.1.255.255 on network 10.1.0.0 and network of sub-networks with 10.1.x.0 network, the broadcast is broadcast to all subnets.
4. A broadcast on a sub-network as a broadcast 10.1.1.255 subnet when the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0.
Multicast
Multicasting can be used for multimedia streaming, video conferencing, shared whiteboard and more as the Internet grows to be used. Multicasting is still new to the Internet and are not widely supported by routers. new routing protocol is being developed to enable multicast traffic forwarded. Some routing protocols are:
* Hierarchical Multicast Routing Protocol Distance Vector (HDVMRP)
Border Gateway Multicast *
Protocol Independent Multicast *
Since IP is not a reliable network protocol, a new reliable multicast protocol that operates at the transport layer and uses IP developed at the level of the network. This is called the Multicast Transport Protocol (MTP)
Ethernet Addressing:
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has the Ethernet address of 01:00:05 E: 0:00:00 to 1:00:05 E: 7F: FF: FF for multicasting. This means that 23 bits available for multicast group ID.
IP Address:
A multicast IP address in the range 224.0.0.0 to 239 255 255 255. In hexadecimal that E0.00.00.00 EF.FF.FF.FF. For multicast addresses, the first three bits of the most significant byte is set and the fourth bit to be clear. In IP address, there are 28 bits for multicasting. So there are 5 bits of multicast, which can not be assigned to the Ethernet packets. 5 bits that are not specified are the most significant 5 bits.
28 bits are used as ID multicast multicast IP group. A group of hosts might listen to multicast networks. There are several places on the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) assigned to the host group. Some missions are listed below:
* = 224.0.0.1 All systems on subnetwork
* = 224.0.0.2 All routers on the subnet
* 224.0.1.1 = Network Time Protocol (NTP)
* To = 224.0.0.9 RIPv2
* = 224.0.1.2 Silicon Graphics implementation duel
Being in the MBONE means you are supported in the network, multicast. Typically, you should contact your Internet Service Provider (ISP) to check if you have this ability. IGMP is described in the following section, used to manage distribution group.
